RESUMO A produção de suínos confinados gera efluentes que quando aplicados no solo servem como fonte de fertilizante e quando aplicados sem tratamento adequado alteram a qualidade ambiental. Estes dejetos contêm elementos potenciais contaminantes cuja aplicação excessiva gera acúmulo de materiais e podem ocasionar efeitos tóxicos para as plantas, como na germinação de sementes. Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar o efeito de doses de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) sobre a germinação de três culturas de grãos de interesse agrícola. Os ensaios foram realizados em condições de laboratório com sementes de soja, trigo e milho, que foram dispostas em placas de Petri, na quantidade de dez sementes por placa. Foram aplicadas doses tratamentos de DLS, caracterizado quimicamente, correspondentes a 0, 1,4 e 2,1 xDP (vezes a Dose Padrão) m³ ha-1 com três repetições. As placas foram colocadas na BOD em temperatura 24 0C. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Aos sete dias do início do ensaio foi determinada a porcentagem de germinação. O DLS possui em sua composição alguns elementos potenciais contaminantes, como o cobre, o zinco e o amônio, os quais podem ocasionar prejuízos na germinação de diversas culturas, sobretudo com exposição direta das sementes nas placas de Petri. As sementes de soja e trigo sofreram efeito negativo da aplicação de DLS apresentando redução na taxa de germinação com o uso de 1,4 e 2,1 xDP m³ ha-1. A aplicação do equivalente a 1,4 e 2,1 xDP m³ ha-1 de DLS não afetaram significativamente a germinação de sementes de milho.

ABSTRACT Pig production generates effluents that, when applied to the soil, serve as a source of fertilizer and, when applied without adequate treatment, alter the environmental quality. These wastes contain potential contaminating elements whose excessive application generates an accumulation of materials and can cause toxic effects for plants, such as seed germination. This study aimed to analyze the effect of doses of pig slurry (SP) on seed germination of three grain crops of agricultural interest. The assays were carried out under laboratory conditions with soybean, wheat, and corn seeds placed in Petri dishes, with ten seeds per dish. SP doses/treatments, chemically characterized, corresponding to 0, 1,4, and 2,1 tSD (times the Standard Dose) m³ ha-1 were applied with three replicates. The plates were placed in the BOD at temperature 24°C. The data obtained were analyzed using the Tukey test (5%). Seven days from the beginning of the trial, the percentage of germination was determined. SP has in its composition some potential contaminating elements, such as copper, zinc, and ammonium, which can cause damage to the germination of several cultures, especially with direct exposure of the seeds in Petri dishes. Soybean and wheat seeds were significantly affected by the application of SP, showing a reduction in the germination rate with the use of 100 and 150 m³ ha-1. The application of the equivalent of 1,4, and 2,1 tSD m³ ha-1 of SP did not significantly affect the germination of maize seeds.

ABSTRACT The presence of volunteer corn plants among soybeans, both resistant to glyphosate, has increased in recent years in Brazil. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact on the agronomic performance in RR soybeans by the presence of volunteer RR corn in field conditions. The experiment was conducted in Tiradentes do Sul (RS), 2018/19 harvest. The experimental design used in the experiment was randomized blocks with four replications: control in the clean (only soybean) and eight densities of volunteer corn in soybean crop with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 corn plants m-2. In the physiological maturation of soybean, plant height, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, height of insertion of the first pod, number of pods plant-1 and grain yield were evaluated. All variables analyzed were negatively affected by the increase in the density of volunteer corn infestation, where the variables grain yield and number of pods plant-1 were the most affected, 63% and 81%, respectively. The presence of volunteer corn has a high capacity to reduce the yield of soybeans in the proportion of 500 kg ha-1 plant-1 of corn m-2, and even at low densities, it needs control.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity and abundance of edaphic fauna organisms in single and intercropped systems of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and ecologically-based popcorn (Zea mays) in Red Oxisol, in the Northwest region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Four sweet potato cultivars were used in single systems and intercropped with popcorn: BRS Amélia, BRS Rubissol, BRS Cuia and Crioula. The soil fauna assessment was carried out using PROVID-type traps. Richness, abundance and the dominance indices of Shannon (H’) and Simpson (D) were determined. The orders Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Collembola and Orthoptera, were dominant in both cultivation systems. The single cultivation showed a greater number of organisms in the orders Isopoda and Collembola, whereas in the intercropped system, the orders Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera stood out. The intercropping cultivation of sweet potato and popcorn shows highest diversity and abundance of soil organisms compared to the single cultivation.

ABSTRACT Recycling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from plants into soils is decisive for maintaining soil organic matter and soil fertility. Therefore, we quantified plant biomass and C and N in the shoots and roots from the topsoil layer for a wide range of annual crops grown under subtropical conditions. We grew 26 species, 13 main crops, and 13 cover crops, in the field in standard sowing arrangements. Root biomass was recovered from the 0.00-0.20 m soil layer at flowering, and shoot biomass was measured at flowering for all crops and at maturity only for the main crops. Root dry matter (DM) exhibited an average of 14.9 ± 5.7 % of the total shoot biomass at flowering, and the mean shoot DM to root DM ratio was 6.9 (2.8-15.0) for the 26 crops considered. Leguminous species had less root DM (0.5 to 1.0 Mg ha-1) than grass species (1.1 to 2.3 Mg ha-1). The shoot C to root C ratio varied consistently with DM, while the root N to shoot N ratio varied considerably among species. Proportionally more biomass, C, and N was allocated to the root systems of grasses (Poaceae species) than non-grass species (especially Fabaceae species). The findings of this study contribute to designing rotations to include species that promote cycling of N and have high potential for adding C to the soil through roots. In this sense, the use of intercropped grasses and legumes is a promising strategy, especially for cover crops.

ABSTRACT The efficiency index (EI) refers to the ratio of nutrients mineralized/made available in the soil to the total amount of nutrients added by organic fertilizer. Therefore, understanding the EI is essential for recommendation of organic fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the availability through mineralization and the efficiency index of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in organic fertilizers produced from cattle manure. The following treatments were evaluated in an incubation experiment under controlled conditions: soil without fertilizer (control); soil + beef cattle manure vermicompost; soil + beef cattle manure/straw compost; soil + beef cattle manure; soil + dairy cattle manure; and soil + vermicompost produced under conditions of high moisture and forced air. Nitrogen and P mineralization and K availability in the soil were evaluated at 0, 7, 14, 28, 56, 112, 224, and 365 days. Nitrogen availability in the soil increased after the bioconversion of cattle manure by composting, whereas phosphorus availability increased by vermicomposting. The average efficiency indices of N, P, and K of the fertilizers produced from cattle manure were 16, 57, and 82 %, respectively. These efficiency indices are lower than the values presented by the Liming and Fertilization Manual for the states of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil.

RESUMO No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, os reflorestamentos de eucalipto encontram-se, geralmente, em solos de baixa fertilidade natural, favorecendo a associação ectomicorrízica. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito da inoculação dos isolados de fungos ectomicorrízicos UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Pt188 e UFSC-SA9, sobre plantas de Eucalyptus grandis, em Neossolo Quartzarênico. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após semeadura. Plantas inoculadas com os isolados UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Pt188 e UFSC-SA9 alcançaram maior altura, diâmetro do caule, massa seca da parte aérea e volume de raízes em relação ao controle. Plantas inoculadas com o isolado de fungo ectomicorrízico UFSC-Pt188 apresentaram maior teor de fósforo e potássio na parte aérea que as plantas não inoculadas. A inoculação com o isolado fúngico ectomicorrízico UFSC-Pt116 promoveu maior altura e massa seca da parte aérea. Para os teores de nitrogênio e potássio, e para massa seca de raízes não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. A inoculação com os fungos ectomicorrízicos UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-SA9 e UFSC-Pt188 isoladamente, promoveram maior altura, diâmetro de caule, acúmulo de massa seca da parte aérea e volume de raízes das plantas de Eucalyptus grandis.

ABSTRACT In Rio Grande do Sul state, the eucalyptus planted forests are cultivated in low fertility soils, which contribute to ectomycorrhizal association. This study evaluated the effect of ectomycorrhizal isolates UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Pt188 and UFSC-SA9 inoculation, individually and in combination, with Eucalyptus grandis in Quartzarenic Neosols. Evaluations were performed at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after sowing. Plants inoculated with isolates UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Pt188 and UFSC-SA9 showed highest height, stem diameter, dry mass of shoot and root volume than the control. Plants inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus isolate UFSC-Pt188 showed highest content of phosphorus and potassium in shoots than non-inoculated plants. Inoculation individual ectomycorrhizal isolate UFSC-Pt116 promoted the highest height and shoot dry mass. For nitrogen and potassium, and root biomass have not showed significant differences between treatments. Then inoculation with ectomycorrhizal UFSC-Pt116, UFSC-Pt188 and UFSC-SA9 alone promoted highest height, stem diameter, dry mass of shoot and plant root volume of Eucalyptus grandis.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em condição de laboratório a mineralização do nitrogênio (N) e determinar o índice de eficiência (EI) do N após adição de fertilizantes orgânicos a base de esterco bovino no solo. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: T1) Solo (testemunha); T2) Solo + vermicomposto de esterco bovino (CMV); T3) Solo + composto de palha e esterco bovino (CMS); e T4) Solo + esterco bovino (CM). As unidades experimentais foram frascos de acrílico com 5cm de altura e 5cm de diâmetro. Em cada frasco, foram adicionados 135g de solo úmido e 2,20, 2,45 e 2,27g de CMV, CMS e CM, respectivamente. Os tratamentos foram acondicionados em incubadora a 25°C e os teores de N mineral do solo (N-NH4+ e N-NO2- + N-NO3-) foram determinados na data de instalação, aos 7, 14, 28, 56 e 112 dias de incubação. Os maiores teores de N-NO2- + N-NO3- no solo foram observados no tratamento CMS. O EI do N foi de 27, 23 e 22% para CMS, CM e CMV, respectivamente. A mineralização do N dos fertilizantes orgânicos a base do esterco bovino ocorre em sua grande maioria nos primeiros 28 dias após sua adição ao solo. O EI do N dos fertilizantes orgânicos a base de esterco bovino foi maior para CMS>CMV>CM e atingem apenas 80% do esperado para fertilizantes orgânicos oriundos de esterco bovino.

ABSTRACT: This research aimed to evaluate the mineralization of nitrogen (N) and to define the efficiency index (EI) of N after the addition of organic fertilizers based on cattle manure on the soil under laboratory conditions. A completely randomized statistical design with four replicates was used. The treatments were set as follows: T1) Soil (control); T2) Soil + vermicompost of cattle manure (CMV); T3) Soil + cattle manure and straw compost (CMS); and T4) Soil + cattle manure (CM). Experimental units were constituted by acrylic flasks with 5 x 5cm (height x diameter). Each flask was added with 135g of wet soil and 2.20, 2.45 and 2.27g of CMV, CMS and CM, respectively. Treatments were incubated at 25°C and the amount of mineral N from the soil (N-NH4+ and N-NO2- + N-NO3-) was determined at the beginning of the experiment and after 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days of incubation. The highest concentration of N-NO2- + N-NO3- in the soil were observed within the CMS treatment. The EI of N was of 27, 23 and 22% for CMS, CMV and CM, respectively. The mineralization of N from organic fertilizers based on cattle manure occurs on its vast majority within the first 28 days after its addition to the soil. The EI of N from the organic fertilizers based of cattle manure was higher for CMS>CMV>CM and achieved only 80% of what expected for organic fertilizers derived from cattle manure.

RESUMO A incorporação conjunta de lodo de esgoto (LE) e palha ao solo pode aumentar a mineralização do carbono da palha e a imobilização microbiana de nitrogênio. Essa hipótese foi avaliada em dois experimentos de laboratório em que o LE foi incorporado ao solo na presença e na ausência de palha de aveia. Um tratamento com somente palha incorporada e um tratamento-controle apenas com solo também foram avaliados. Durante 110 dias, foi avaliada a liberação de CO2 e o N mineral no solo, após a aplicação dos materiais orgânicos. A mineralização acumulada do C atingiu valor de 30,1 % no LE e de 54,7 % na palha. Quando esses materiais orgânicos foram incorporados juntos ao solo, a mineralização do C da palha não foi alterada. Aproximadamente 60 % do N orgânico presente no LE foi mineralizado em 110 dias. Esse índice de mineralização do N é duas vezes maior do que aquele definido pela Resolução 375/2006 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (Conama). A incorporação combinada de LE e palha no solo provocou imobilização microbiana de N de 5,9 kg Mg-1 de palha de aveia (média de 3,5 kg Mg-1). Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que o LE não aumentou a mineralização do C da palha, porém a dose de LE deve ser ajustada para compensar a imobilização microbiana de N induzida pela palha.

ABSTRACT The combined incorporation of sewage sludge (SS) and oat straw (OS) to the soil can increase straw carbon mineralization and microbial nitrogen immobilization. This hypothesis was tested in two laboratory experiments, in which SS was incorporated in the soil with and without OS. One treatment in which only straw was incorporated and a control with only soil were also evaluated. The release of CO2 and mineral N in the soil after organic material incorporation was evaluated for 110 days. The cumulative C mineralization reached 30.1 % for SS and 54.7 % for OS. When these organic materials were incorporated together in the soil, straw C mineralization was not altered. About 60 % of organic N in the SS was mineralized after 110 days. This N mineralization index was twice as high as that defined by Resolution 375/2006 of the National Environmental Council. The combined incorporation of SS and OS in the soil caused an immobilization of microbial N of 5.9 kg Mg-1 of OS (mean 3.5 kg Mg-1). The results of this study indicated that SS did not increase straw C mineralization, but the SS rate should be adjusted to compensate for the microbial N immobilization caused by straw.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de curto prazo e o residual de doses de xisto retortado (XR) sobre a retenção do C de resíduos culturais no solo. Foram avaliadas a mineralização e a retenção de C de folhas e talos de soja enriquecidos com 13C, em solo com e sem histórico de aplicação de XR e na presença e na ausência de doses crescentes de XR. Houve efeito de curto prazo do XR sobre a retenção de C no solo. Esse efeito ocorreu somente com a mistura de folhas + 3 Mg ha-1 de XR, em que a retenção de C no solo superou em 21% aquela observada com a aplicação isolada das folhas. O XR apresenta potencial de reter C no solo.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the short-term and the residual effect of retorted oil shale (ROS) rates on the C retention of crop residues in the soil. The mineralization and C retention of soybean leaves and stems enriched with 13C were evaluated, in soil with and without history of ROS application and in the presence and absence of increasing ROS rates. There was a short-term effect of ROS on C retention in the soil. This effect only occurred with the mixture of leaves + 3 Mg ha-1 ROS, in which C retention in the soil surpassed by 21% the one observed with the sole application of leaves. ROS has the potential to retain C in the soil.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de colêmbolos no solo com diferentes níveis de metais pesados, combustíveis e agrotóxicos em condição de laboratório. Os tratamentos foram: Cádmio (1, 10 e 100mg kg-1 de solo); Cobre (50, 500 e 5000mg kg-1 de solo); Zinco (100, 1000 e 10000mg kg-1 de solo); fungicida epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina (1 e 2L ha-1); fungicida epoxiconazol (0,75 e 1,5L ha-1); herbicida glifosato (2 e 4L ha-1); óleo lubrificante queimado (5, 50 e 100mL kg-1 solo) e óleo diesel (5, 50 e 100mL kg-1 solo) e controle. Na dose de 1mg kg-1 de Cd no solo, houve grande aumento na população de colêmbolos e o pH do solo diminuiu à medida que aumentaram as doses de Cd, Zn e Cu no solo. Na presença de combustíveis, os colêmbolos apresentaram incapacidade de reprodução, independente da dose aplicada no solo. O número de colêmbolos apresentou incremento com o aumento da dosagem de glifosato e epoxiconazol. Os metais pesados Cu e Zn têm ação negativa sobre a população de colêmbolos e somente o Cd (1mg kg-1 solo) proporciona aumento na população de colêmbolos no solo. A presença de óleo lubrificante queimado e óleo diesel no solo inibem o desenvolvimento dos colêmbolos no solo. Os agrotóxicos glifosato, epoxiconazol e epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina não influenciam negativamente sobre a população de colêmbolos no solo.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the collembola development in soils with different levels of heavy metals, fuels and pesticides, in laboratory conditions. Treatments were: Cadmium - 1, 10 and 100mg kg-1 soil; Copper - 50, 500 and 5000mg kg-1 soil; Zinc - 100, 1000 and 10000 mg kg-1 soil; fungicide epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina - 1 and 2L ha-1; fungicide epoxiconazol - 0,75 and 1,5L ha-1; herbicide glyphosate - 2 and 4L ha-1; burned lubricating oil - 5, 50 and 100mL kg-1 soil and diesel oil - 5, 50 and 100mL kg-1 soil and control. In the 1mg kg-1 dose of Cd there was a great increase of the collembola population and the soil pH decreased as the Cd, Zn and Cu doses in the soil increased. In the presence on fuels the collembola presented incapacity to procreate regardless the dose applied in the soil. The number of collembola showed an increase with increasing glyphosate and epoxiconazole level. The heavy metal Cu and Zn have negative impact over the collembola population and just Cd (1mg kg-1 soil) offers increase on their population in the soil. The presence of burned oil and diesel in the soil inhibit the collembolan development in the soil. The pesticides glyphosate, epoxiconazol and epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina do not negatively influence the collembola population in the soil.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar por meio de revisão de literatura, os possíveis impactos do uso do fogo nos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo. Em relação aos atributos físicos, o fogo pode causar diminuição do volume de macroporos, do tamanho de agregados, da taxa de infiltração de água no solo e, consequentemente, sua umidade, aumento da resistência à penetração de raízes e da densidade do solo. Além disso, o solo torna-se mais susceptível ao processo erosivo pela remoção de sua cobertura vegetal. Nos atributos químicos, muitos trabalhos têm sido desenvolvidos com foco nas propriedades químicas, relatando aumento nos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, entre outros nutrientes mineralizados após a passagem do fogo em consequência das cinzas possuírem alta concentração desses nutrientes. A queima também reduz o aporte de matéria orgânica bruta e, consequentemente, altera o ciclo do carbono, contribuindo para a emissão de gases de efeito estufa para a atmosfera. Nos atributos biológicos, a ação da chama do fogo diminui a disponibilidade de alimento (fonte de energia) para os micro-organismos, diminuindo sobretudo a população da mesofauna do solo. De maneira geral, tomando por base os trabalhos revisados, conclui- se que a queima tanto de pastagens ou campos naturais bem como de resíduos culturais e áreas florestais, deve ser evitada como prática rotineira, pois de maneira geral, degrada direta ou indiretamente o solo. Entretanto, dependendo da situação e do sistema de produção, a queima pode ser uma opção de manejo a ser considerada.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify through literature review the possible impacts of the use of fire on physical, chemical and biological attributes of soil. In relation to physical attributes, the fire may cause a decrease in the volume of macropores, the size of aggregates, the rate of infiltration of water into the soil and consequently its humidity, and an increase in the resistance to penetration of roots and soil density. Moreover, the soil becomes more susceptible to erosive process due to the removal of its vegetation cover. As for the chemical attributes, many studies focusing on chemical properties have reported an increase in levels of N, P, Ca, Mg, among others mineralized nutrients after the passage of fire because the ashes have high concentrations of those nutrients. Burning also reduces the input of organic matter and therefore alters the carbon cycle, contributing to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In relation to biological attributes, the action of flame fire reduces the availability of food (energy supply) for microorganisms, mainly reducing the population of mesofauna soil. In general, from the works reviewed, it appears that both the burning of pastures and natural fields as well as crop residues and forest areas, should be avoided as a routine practice, because in general, it directly or indirectly degrades the soil. However, depending on the situation and the production system, burning may be an option the be considered.

RESUMO O cobre é um metal pesado que pode exercer efeitos tóxicos para micro-organismos e plantas. Os fungos ectomicorrízicos são capazes de proteger a planta hospedeira da toxidez dos metais pesados, mas a presença de certas concentrações de metais pode inibir o crescimento destes, prejudicando a simbiose micorrízica e alterar o desenvolvimento das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses de cobre na população de bactérias e fungos do solo, bem como seus efeitos na associação ectomicorrízica e no desenvolvimento de mudas de eucalipto, pinus e canafístula. O levantamento da população de micro- organismos do solo foi realizado em casa de vegetação durante 60 dias e os tratamentos foram doses de sulfato de cobre aplicadas ao solo (0,7; 0,708; 0,716; 0,724 mg kg-1 de solo) e mudas de eucalipto e pinus. No segundo experimento, mudas de eucalipto e canafístula inoculadas e não inoculadas com Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) Cunn (UFSC Pt 116) receberam doses de cobre de 0, 100, 200 e 300 mg kg-1 de solo. Aos 110 dias, avaliaram-se a massa fresca da parte aérea e radicular, massa seca da parte aérea, altura, diâmetro do colo e porcentagem de colonização ectomicorrízica. No primeiro experimento, a população total de bactérias e fungos do solo foi alterada pela presença do cobre, porém as mudas de eucalipto e pinus não mostraram efeitos da adição do cobre. No segundo experimento, a inoculação das mudas de eucalipto e canafístula com o isolado UFSC Pt 116 favoreceu o desenvolvimento da massa fresca da parte aérea e radicular e a altura das plantas. Conforme os resultados obtidos, a canafístula foi capaz de realizar associação ectomicorrízica com o isolado testado. O desenvolvimento das plântulas de eucalipto e canafístula foi inibido pelos níveis de cobre, mesmo inoculadas com o isolado UFSC Pt 116.

ABSTRACT Copper is a heavy metal that can have toxic effects on microorganisms and plants. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are able to protect the plant from heavy metal toxicity, but the presence of certain metal concentrations can inhibit the growth of this fungus, damage the mycorrhizal symbiosis and also altering the development of the plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper on soil bacteria and fungus population, as well as the effects on the ectomycorrhizal association in the development of Eucalyptus grandis, Pinus elliottii and Peltophorum dubium seedlings. The survey of the soil microorganism population was carried out in a greenhouse during 60 days and the treatments consisted of applications of copper sulphate (0.7; 0.708; 0.716; 0.724 mg Kg-1) to the soil and to eucalyptus and pinus seedlings. Eucalyptus and Peltophorum dubium seedlings inoculated and not inoculated with Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke and Massee) Cunn (UFSC Pt 116) received copper levels of 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg kg-1. The height, stem diameter, shoot and root fresh biomass, shoot and root dry biomass and ectomycorrhizal colonization were evaluated at 110 days. Soil bacteria and fungus population were altered by the presence of copper and the eucalyptus and pinus seedlings were not affected by copper addition. The inoculation of the eucalyptus and canafístula seedlings with isolate UFSC Pt 116 favored the height of the plants and the development of shoot and root fresh biomass. According to the results, canafístula was able to form an ectomycorrhizal association with the isolate tested. The eucalyptus and canafístula seedling development was inhibited by copper following inoculation with the UFSC Pt 116 isolate.